Relative Clause

Relative clauses

What is a relative clause?

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

• I like the woman who lives next door.
  (If I don’t say ‘who lives next door’, then we don’t know which woman I mean)

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don’t need this information to understand the sentence.

• I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
  (Everybody knows where London is, ‘which has some fantastic parks’ is extra information)

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let’s consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.

We can use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. We use ‘who’ for people and ‘which’ for things. We can use ‘that’ for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can’t drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

• I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
• She has a son who / that is a doctor.
• We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
• I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

• The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
• The man who / that phoned is my brother.
• The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
• The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let’s talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

(clause after the object)

• She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
• We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
• John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
• The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(clause after the subject)

• The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
• The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
• The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
• The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

• Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here
• Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here
• Try another exercise about defining relative clauses here

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun refers to a thing, and ‘who’ if it refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

(clause comes after the subject)

• My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
• My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
• My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
• My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(clause comes after the object)

• Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
• The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
• Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now
• I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:

For example:

• listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

• work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

• go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

• come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

• apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

‘Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.

I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 (4)

Exercise 37 : Relative Clauses
1. The record that was roduced by this company became gold record.
2. Checking accounts that require a minimum balance are very common now.
3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.
4. John whom grades are the highest in the school has received a scholarship.
5. Felipe bought the camera that has there lenses.
6. Frank the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.
7. The doctor is with the patient whom leg was broken in an accident.
8. Jane is the woman whom is going to China next year.
9. Janet wants a typewriter that self-corrects.
10. This book I found that last week contains some usseful information.
11. Mr. Bryant whom team has lost the game looks very sad.
12. James wrote an article that indicated he disliked the president.
13. The director of the program whom graduated from Harvard University is planning to retire next year.
14. This is the book that I have been looking for all year.
15. William whom brother is lawyer wants to become a judge.

Exercise 38 : Relative clause reduction
1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.
2. All of the money accepted has already been released.
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mery Allen.
6. John’s wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that I need.
9. The number of students counted is quite high.
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.

Active Voice, Passive Voice

There are two special forms for verbs called voice:

1. Active voice
2. Passive voice

The active voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb:

active	subject	verb	object
		>
	Cats	eat	fish.

The passive voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb:

passive	subject	verb	object
	<
	Fish	are eaten	by cats.

The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb:

	subject	verb	object
active	Everybody	drinks	water.
passive	Water	is drunk	by everybody.

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 (3)

English for Business 2: Exercise 36

Excercise 36 English for Business 2 Assignment

1. The teacher made Juan leave the room
2. Toshiko had her car repaired by a mechanic
3. Ellen got Marvin typed her paper
4. I made Jane call her friend on the telephone
5. We got our house painted last week
6. Dr. Byrd is having the students write a composition
7. The policeman made the suspect lie on the ground
8. Mark got his transcripts send to the university
9. Maria is getting her hair cut tomorrow
10. We will have to get the Dean signed this form
11. The teacher let Al leave the classroom.
12. Maria got Ed washed the pipettes
13. She always has her car to fix by the same mechanic
14. Gene got his book published by a subsidy publisher
15. We have to help Janet to find her keys

CAUSE CONNTECTORS

So & Such

So
1. When the word SO is used with an adjective or adverb alone, the sentense structure is as follows :Subject + verb + SO + (adj/adv) + that + remainder of sentence

Ex :
-She sang so well that she was asked to audition
-The food was so good that he could not resist

2. When so is used with intensive modifiers (such as much, many, few, and little), the sentence structure is as follows : Subject + verb + SO + intensive modifier + noun + that + remainder of sentence
Ex :
-The man brought so many books that he needed assistence to carry them
-The cook made so little food that some people were not served

Such
1. When such is used with singular count nouns, the sentence structure is as follows : Subject + verb + such a + adj + singular noun + that + remainder sentence
Ex :
-It was such a hot day that several people fainted
-It was such a beautiful party that many people came

2. When so is used with singular count nouns, the sentence structure is as follows :
Subject + verb + so + adj + a + singular count noun + that + remainder of sentence
Ex :
-It was so hot a day that several people fainted 
-It was so beautiful a party that many people came

3. When such is used with plural count noun, one possible sentence structure is as follows : Subject + verb + adj + plural count or noncount noun + remainder of sentence
Ex :
-This is such sour juice that I cannot drink it
-They are such popular singers that they will likely win an award

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 (1)

Exercise 21 Conditional sentences                            

1.      will understand

2.      Would not

3.      Will give

4.      Would  told

5.      Would have

6.      Had

7.      Will stop

8.      Needed

9.      Would have found

10.  Had enjoyed

11.  Paint

12.  Were

13.  Writes

14.  Had permit

15.  Will spend

16.  Will accept

17.  Buys

18.  Had decided

19.  Would have writen

20.  Will leak

21.  Had studied

22.  Hears

23.  See

24.  Gets

25.  Turn

26.  Are

27.  Would have called

28.  Would have talked

29.  Explained

30.  Spoke

Exercise 22 Used to

1.      Eating

2.      Eating

3.      Swimming

4.      Like

5.      Speaking

6.      Studying

7.      Dance

8.      Sleeping

9.      Eating

10.  Eating

Exercise 26 : Adjectives and Adverbs

1.      Well

2.      Intense

3.      Brightly

4.      Fluent

5.      Fluently

6.      Smooth

7.      Accurately

8.      Bitter

9.      Soon

10.  Fast

Exercise 27 : Linking (Copulative) Verbs

1.      Terrible

2.      Well

3.      Good

4.      Calm

5.      Sick

6.      Quickly

7.      Diligently

8.      Vehemently

9.      Relaxedly

10.  Noisy

Exercise 28 : Comparisons

1.      As soon

2.      More Important

3.      As well

4.      More Expensive

5.      As hot

6.      More Talented

7.      More Colorful

8.      Happier

9.      Worse

10.  Faster

Exercise 29 : Comparisons

1.      Than

2.      Than

3.      Than

4.      Than

5.      Than

6.      More Than

7.      With

8.      Than

9.      More Than

10.  More Than

Exercise 30 : Comparisons

1.      Best

2.      Happiest

3.      Faster

4.      Creamiest

5.      More colorful

6.      Better

7.      Good

8.      More awkwardly

9.      Least

10.  Prettiest

11.  The best

12.  From

13.  Less impressive

14.  The sicker

15.  Than

16.  Twice more than

17.  Few

18.  Much

19.  Farthest

20.  More famous

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 (2)

Exercise 31-34 English for Business 2 Assignment

1. Sam’s new apartement is in a building which has twelve stories. Sam’s new apartement is in a twelve stories building.

2. We teach languages. We are language teachers.

3. My parents saw a play in three acts last night. My parents saw a three acts last night.

4. The manager said that the sale would last for two days. The manager said that it would be a last for two days sale.

5. Hal bought a tool set containing 79 pieces. Hal bought a containing 79 pieces tool set.

6. Margie has a bookcase with five shelve. Margie has a five shelves bookcase.

7. I need two cans of tomatoes that weigh 16 ounces each. I need two weigh 16 ounces cans of tomatoes.

8. I’m looking for a pressure cooker that holds six quarts. I’m looking for a holds six quarts pressure cooker.

9. He is a specialist at building houses made of bricks. He is a specialist at building made of bricks houses.

10. Mrs. Jansen just bought her daughter a bicyle with ten speeds. Mrs. Jansen just bought her daughter a ten speeds bicyle.

Exercise 32: Enough

1.         There were not enough people to have meeting.

2.         Allen has learned French enough to study in France next year.

3.         Do you have enough time to talk now?

4.         She drove fast enough to win the race.

5.         Mike will graduate from law school soon enough to join his father’s firm.

6.         We arrived early enough to have some coffee before class began.

7.         It has rained hard enough to flood the low lying areas.

8.         You should type slowly enough that you will not make an error.

9.         He has just enough flour to bake that loaf of bread.

10.     There are enough books for each student to have one.

Exercise 32: Because/Because of

1.         It was difficult to deliver the letter Because the sender had written the wrong address on the envelope.

2.         We decided to leave early Because the party was boring

3.         Rescue attempts were temporarily halted Because of the bad weather.

4.         They visited their friends often Because they enjoyed their company

5.         Paul cannot go to the football game Because of his grades.

6.         Marcella was awarded a scholarship Because her superior scholastic ability.

7.         Nobody ventured outdoors Because of the hurricane warnings.

8.         We plan to spend our vacation in the mountains Because the air is purer there.

9.         We have to drive around the bay Because the bridge was destroyed in the strom.

10.     The chickens have died Because of the intense heat.

Exercise 34: So/Such

1.        The sun shone So brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.

2.        Dean was Such a powerpul swimmer that he always won the races.

3.        There were So few students registered that the class was cancelled.

4.        We had So wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.

5.        We had So good a time at the party that we hated to leave.

6.        The benefit was So great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it.

7.        It was Such a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.

8.        Jane looked So sick that the nurse told her to go home.

9.        Those were So difficult assignments that we spent two weeks finishing them.

10.    Ray called at Such an early hour that we weren’t a wake yet.

11.    The book looked So interesting that he decided to read it.

12.    He worked So carefully that it took him a long time to complete the project.

13.    We stayed in the sun for Such a long time that we became sunburned.

14.    There were So many people on the bus that we decided to walk.

15.    The program was So entertaining that nobody wanted to miss it.